Bibliography

1. Multi-unit and narrow Multi-unit

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Abduo J, Lyons K. Effect of vertical misfit on strain within screw-retained implant titanium and zirconia frameworks. Journal of Prosthodontic Research. 2012;56(2):102–109. doi:10.1016/j.jpor.2011.09.001.

Mosaddad SA, Rodríguez-Pérez I, Pieralli S, Beuer F, Molinero-Mourelle P, Çakmak G. Titanium Base-Free Multi-Unit Abutment Connections: A Critical Review of Prosthetic Screw Design, Biomechanical Behavior, and Clinical Performance. Materials. 2026;19(11):2212. doi:10.3390/ma19112212.

Salehivaziri H, Molaei S, Kazemi S, Shojaei N. What is the impact of titanium base versus multi-unit abutments on immediate loading outcomes: a systematic review. The Saudi Dental Journal. 2026;38(2):13. doi:10.1007/s44445-025-00114-y.

Roccuzzo A, et al. Does the use of intermediate abutments impact screw-retained implant-supported fixed partial prostheses outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Dentistry. 2026;166:106328. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2026


2. Grade 5 titanium, microthreads, and osseointegration

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·  Shah R, et al. Microthreaded Implants and Crestal Bone Loss: A Systematic Review. Journal of Oral Implantology. 2017;43(2):157–166. doi:10.1563/aaid-joi-D-16-00170.

·  Khorsand A, Rasouli-Ghahroudi AA, Naddafpour N, Shayesteh YS, Khojasteh A. Effect of Microthread Design on Marginal Bone Level Around Dental Implants Placed in Fresh Extraction Sockets. Implant Dentistry. 2016;25(1):90–96. doi:10.1097/ID.0000000000000350.

·  Oh JH, Pyo SW, Chang JS, Kim S. Up to a 15-Year Survival Rate and Marginal Bone Resorption of 1780 Implants with or without Microthreads: A Multi Center Retrospective Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023;12(6):2425. doi:10.3390/jcm12062425.


3. Convergent profiles and anodization

Valente NA, Wu M, Toti P, Derchi G, Barone A. Impact of Concave/Convergent vs Parallel/Divergent Implant Transmucosal Profiles on Hard and Soft Peri-implant Tissues: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses. International Journal of Prosthodontics. 2020;33(5):553–564. doi:10.11607/ijp.6726.

Canullo L, Giuliani A, Furlani M, Menini M, Piattelli A, Iezzi G. Influence of abutment macro- and micro-geometry on morphologic and morphometric features of peri-implant connective tissue. Clinical Oral Implants Research. 2023;34(9):920–933. doi:10.1111/clr.14118.

Agustín-Panadero R, Bermúdez-Mulet I, Fernández-Estevan L, Solá-Ruíz MF, Marco-Pitarch R, García-Selva M, Zubizarreta-Macho Á, León-Martínez R. Peri-Implant Behavior of Tissue Level Dental Implants with a Convergent Neck. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(10):5232. doi:10.3390/ijerph18105232.

Cabanes-Gumbau G, Pascual-Moscardó A, Peñarrocha-Oltra D, García-Mira B, Aizcorbe-Vicente J, Peñarrocha-Diago M. Volumetric variation of peri-implant soft tissues in convergent collar implants and crowns using the biologically oriented preparation technique (BOPT). Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal. 2019;24(5)–e651. doi:10.4317/medoral.22946.

Miranda A, Komara I, Cahyanto A, Sukotjo C, Susanto A. Clinical and Esthetic Outcomes of Anodized Titanium Abutments: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry. 2025;17:405–421. doi:10.2147/CCIDE.S535430.

Wang T, Wang L, Lu Q, Fan Z. Influence of anodized titanium abutments on the esthetics of the peri-implant soft tissue: A clinical study. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2021;125(3):445–452. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.12.023.

Farrag KM, Khamis MM. Effect of anodized titanium abutment collars on peri-implant soft tissue: A split-mouth clinical study. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2023;130(1):59–67. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.09.019.

Hall J, Neilands J, Davies JR, Ekestubbe A, Friberg B. A randomized, controlled, clinical study on a new titanium oxide abutment surface for improved healing and soft tissue health. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 2019;21(Suppl 1):55–68. doi:10.1111/cid.12749.

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  1. Conical connections and platform switching

·  Atieh MA, Ibrahim HM, Atieh AH. Platform switching for marginal bone preservation around dental implants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Periodontology. 2010;81(10):1350–1366. doi:10.1902/jop.2010.100232.

·  Hsu YT, Lin GH, Wang HL. Effects of platform-switching on peri-implant soft and hard tissue outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants. 2017;32(1)–e24. doi:10.11607/jomi.5140.

·  Caricasulo R, Malchiodi L, Ghensi P, Fantozzi G, Cucchi A. The influence of implant-abutment connection to peri-implant bone loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 2018;20(4):653–664. doi:10.1111/cid.12620.

·  Vetromilla BM, Brondani LP, Pereira-Cenci T, Bergoli CD. Influence of different implant-abutment connection designs on the mechanical and biological behavior of single-tooth implants in the maxillary esthetic zone: a systematic review. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2019;121(3):398–403.e3. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2018.05.007.

·  Meijndert CM, Raghoebar GM, Vissink A, Delli K, Meijer HJA. The effect of implant-abutment connections on peri-implant bone levels around single implants in the aesthetic zone: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research. 2021;7(6):1025–1036. doi:10.1002/cre2.471.

·  Camps-Font O, Rubianes-Porta L, Valmaseda-Castellón E, Jung RE, Gay-Escoda C, Figueiredo R. Comparison of external, internal flat-to-flat, and conical implant abutment connections for implant-supported prostheses: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2023;130(3):327–340. doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.09.029.`.106328.